russian swedish war peter the great

Over one thousand two hundred of the rebels were tortured and executed, and Peter ordered that their bodies be publicly exhibited as a warning to future conspirators. After fortifying the area, Peter and his troops went home to Moscow as victors. Peter's northern armies took the Swedish province of Livonia (the northern half of modern Latvia, and the southern half of modern Estonia), driving the Swedes into Finland. In 1717, Alexander Bekovich-Cherkassky led the first Russian military expedition into Central Asia against the Khanate of Khiva. "Gazing Anew at Poltava: Perspectives from the Military Revolution Controversy, Comparative History, and Decision-Making Doctrines. In 1721, Peter followed the advice of Theophan Prokopovich in designing the Holy Synod as a council of ten clergymen. The Russians prepared for the attack, and they quickly decimated a great number of Swedish troops when they tried to storm the redoubts. The expedition ended in complete disaster when the entire expeditionary force was slaughtered. Russia acquired Ingria, Estonia, Livonia, and a substantial portion of Karelia. The Russian army scored a crucial victory against the Swedes at the Battle of Lesnaya in September 1708. 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[9] Formally, Ivan V was a co-ruler with Peter, though being ineffective. Peter died between four and five in the morning 8 February 1725. The curious and intelligent Tsar was taught by the best tutors, including Count Nikita Zotov and the Scottish refugee-turned-mercenary Patrick Gordon. Russia had defeated what was considered to be one of the world's best militaries, and the victory overturned the view that Russia was militarily incompetent. "Kliuchevskii on Peter the Great. The Swedish attack on Russia caused Denmark-Norway to declare war on Sweden in August, in accordance with its treaty obligations to Russia. Bromley, ed.. Schimmelpenninck van der Oye, David, and Bruce W. Menning, eds. The Senate was founded as the highest state institution to supervise all judicial, financial and administrative affairs. His eldest child and heir, Alexei, was suspected of being involved in a plot to overthrow the Emperor. He established Taganrog as Russia’s first naval base and promoted his advisers Gordon and Franz Lefort as generals. A battle ensued at Lesnaia about thirty miles southeast of Mogilev. He launched about thirty ships against the Ottomans in 1696, capturing Azov in July of that year. These experiences, however, did not stop him from living to the fullest. However, within twelve years all the territories would be ceded back to Persia, now led by the charismatic military genius Nader Shah, as part of the Treaties of Resht and Ganja respectively, and the Russo-Persian alliance against the Ottoman Empire, which was the common enemy of both.[36]. Charles was outraged at what he saw as a sur… Надписи вокруг печати. When Charles resumed his attack on Russia (late 1707), Peter defeated Charles’s auxiliary corps at Lesnaya (October 1708) and then decisively defeated the main Swedish army at the Battle of Poltava (July 8, 1709). Although young and inexperienced, Charles was able to successfully lead the Swedish resistance and attacks during the beginning of the war. This, plus the interval of time between these actions and Peter's death seems to preclude any direct link. This position changed when Feodor died in 1682. In 1714 the Russian fleet won the Battle of Gangut. This icy water rescue is said to have exacerbated Peter's bladder problems and caused his death. Also interested in expanding at the expense of Sweden was Russia's monarch, Peter the Great. The Russians started the construction of the Peter and Paul fortress on Zayachy (Hare) Island more than two weeks later to secure the entrance of the Neva River. By the time that Charles XII ascended, some small sections had been lost, especially in Norway, but Sweden still had a firm grip on the Baltic Sea. Great Northern War: Russia was fighting Sweden during the Great Northern War. In the winter of 1723, Peter, whose overall health was never robust, began having problems with his urinary tract and bladder. In the first week of October, restless and certain he was cured, Peter began a lengthy inspection tour of various projects. Peter preferred to rely on groups of individuals who would keep check on one another. Despite being outnumbered and less experienced, Charles was able to relieve Narva and destroy the Russian camp stationed there. ", sfn error: no target: CITEREFNisbet1905 (, A. Lenton, "Voltaire and Peter the Great", Kathleen Scollins, "Cursing at the Whirlwind: The Old Testament Landscape of The Bronze Horseman. Peter therefore abolished the Patriarchy, replacing it with a Holy Synod that was under the control of a senior bureaucrat, and the Tsar appointed all bishops. Jan van der Heyden, the inventor of the fire hose, received Peter, who was keen to learn and pass on his knowledge to his countrymen. He turned Preobrazhenskoye into his own military camp and held mock battles with his troops as practice. Peter forced Sophia to enter a convent, where she gave up her name and her position as a member of the royal family.[8]. "Towards a Psychohistory of Peter the Great: Trauma, Modeling, and Coping in Peter's Personality. For other uses, see. As the day wore on, Peter decided to open the gates and face the Swedish troops head on. Why Did Christ Ride a Donkey on His Triumphant Entry? After 1718, Peter established colleges in place of the old central agencies of government, including foreign affairs, war, navy, expense, income, justice, and inspection. Peter's half-sister Sophia — was forced to become a nun. The Tsar also had the gift of attracting talented commoners whom he later used in his court and on the battlefield. Picture by: Serge Lachinov (обработка для wiki) [GFDL or CC-BY-SA-3.0], via Wikimedia Commons. ", Waugh, Daniel Clarke. Vodarsky said in 1993 that Peter, "did not lead the country on the path of accelerated economic, political and social development, did not force it to 'achieve a leap' through several stages.... On the contrary, these actions to the greatest degree put a brake on Russia's progress and created conditions for holding it back for one and a half centuries!" He experienced his first taste of war in the Azov campaigns against the, Despite being outnumbered and less experienced, Charles was able to relieve Narva, After whipping the Russian army at Narva, Charles marched his troops to Poland to depose King Augustus II. [41] The Tsaritsa had borne Peter three children, although only one, Alexei Petrovich, Tsarevich of Russia, had survived past his childhood. Oliva, L. Jay. He is also known for founding and developing the city of Saint Petersburg, which remained the capital of Russia until 1917. After the death of Alexis I on 29th January … Once they had taken the required oath of allegiance, he awarded them the same rank they had held in the Swedish army and gave them command of Russian squadrons, battalions and regiments. [7], The "Grand Embassy" continued nevertheless. He divorced the Tsaritsa and forced her to join a convent. "Russia under Peter the Great and the changed relations of East and West." Peter implemented sweeping reforms aimed at modernizing Russia. Great Northern War. Sophia would sit behind the throne and listen as Peter conversed with nobles, while feeding him information and giving him responses to questions and problems. He used the wedding in order to launch his new capital, St Petersburg, where he had already ordered building projects of westernized palaces and buildings. The war between Russia and Sweden continued after the disaster of Poltava in 1709, though the shattered Swedish continental army could provide very little help. 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