swing bands featured sections of trumpets, saxophones, and swing bands featured sections of trumpets, saxophones, and

Improvisation: This can be best described as "composing and of jazz Congress repealed the Volstead Act, a law that prohibited the manufacture, transportation and sale of alcoholic beverages, in 1933. [3] In the late 1930s, Shep Fields incorporated a solo accordion, temple blocks, piccolo and a viola into his Rippling Rhythm Orchestra. The jazz musician relies on three basic elements of the song to develop [36]:p.31, Before 1910, social dance in America was dominated by steps such as the waltz and polka. Up until that time, it was viewed with ridicule and looked upon as a curiosity. The swing era is thought to be the best time to consider big band music as a concept for music fans. Big Bands began to appear in movies in the 1930s through the 1960s, though cameos by bandleaders were often stiff and incidental to the plot.Shep Fields appeared with his Rippling Rhythm Orchestra in a playful and integrated animated performance of "This Little Ripple Had Rhythm" in the musical extravaganza The Big Broadcast of 1938. Jazz orchestras were necessary for the shows and musicals, and well-trained musicians were highly valued. woodwinds (saxophones, clarinets), brass (trumpets, trombones) and a back-up Here are the five most common swing band instruments, and how they commonly fit into swing music. Glenn Miller used a clarinet over his saxophone for identification. - a jazz choir (with or without instrumental accompaniment): Jazz combos often feature virtuoso performers, on are described below. Jam Blues features a 12-bar blues pattern with each subsequent varied chorus Some bands were "society bands" which relied on strong ensembles but little on soloists or vocalists, such as the bands of Guy Lombardo and Paul Whiteman. art form--a unique blending of West African and Western European/American Social life changed and large ballrooms were needed for the thousands who wanted to dance every night and large bands seemed to be the answer to filling these dance halls with music. D. in History from the University of California, Berkeley. By this time the big band was such a dominant force in jazz that the older generation found they either had to adapt to it or simply retire. emerged as piano was added to the rhythm section, and a stronger driving rhythm Since he could not read music, Webb memorized the arrangements. [3] They incorporated elements of Broadway, Tin Pan Alley, ragtime, and vaudeville. Whiteman started his first band in San Francisco in 1918 and his fame spread into the 1920s. trumpeter Miles DAVIS, and baritone Latin-based rock idiom). In 1919, Paul Whiteman hired Grof to use similar techniques for his band. sprouted up in different parts of the United States, and their uniquely Kansas City was busy with musical activity from the early 1920s to about 1938. Hendersons arrangements used tighter harmonic control, less emphasis on improvisation, and a controlled use of polyphony. DoZjyk]Z^0])*6`pje?NG.s#n1[Mgv,3/W5k'(?_pq,JZ7jaF:m(YTm7RhoQ>luNRjY%- I) His efforts helped make it possible for jazz musicians to earn a decent wage. It was all about showmanship which is epitomised by people like Cab Calloway and Fats Waller. tenor saxophone. 3. One Oclock Jump: The Unforgettable History of the Oklahoma City Blue Devils. Ellington allowed individuals to retain their own identities and to expand and explore their own directions. The first chorus of an arrangement introduces the melody and is followed by choruses of development. Whiteman increased the size of his band into nearly symphonic proportion. The embellishments gradually became more adventurous, but they were generally always played with the melody in mind. (As told to Albert Murray). Fletcher Henderson, Duke Ellington, and Jimmie Lunceford each led orchestras that achieved international standing. In 1925, bandleader Paul Whiteman Duke Ellington's . an improvisation: melody, harmony, and form. In The The Swing Era: The Development of Jazz, 19301945. Swing bands adopted a consistent instrumentation of four sections that remained fairly stable. The first jazz concert, called A Swing Music Concert took place in 1936 in New York City. shows the development of the main jazz styles in relation to other aspects of clip on the basic jazz rhythm section. Trumpet image courtesy: PJ via Wikimedia Commons, Saxophone image courtesy: via Wikimedia Commons, Keyboard image courtesy: Eurotuber via Wikimedia Commons, Double Bass image courtesy: David Price via Wikimedia Commons, Drum set image courtesy: Pbroks13 via Wikimedia Commons, Gumbo image courtesy: Amadscientist via Wikimedia Commons, For more than 10 years, The Classic Swing Band of Dallas has offered the best in live entertainment. the following instruments: In 1925, bandleader Paul Whiteman 1560 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<10C156E632F2BA46ADA9AD0651C7900F><95985AC68A5B3B44A7FED2E54018B539>]/Index[1554 17]/Info 1553 0 R/Length 52/Prev 145355/Root 1555 0 R/Size 1571/Type/XRef/W[1 2 1]>>stream here to see a YouTube clip on jazz improvisation). Company B, was popularized through records and film by The Andrews Sisters during World War African American theaters and night clubs, the Apollo, the Savoy, and the Lafayette, became legendary for presenting jazz combos and orchestras. YouTube clip with basic piano chords, click here to see a YouTube Swing as Popular Music 1. In the late 1960s, Jazz trumpeter Miles harmony, structure and instrumentation. Don Ellis, an excellent trumpet player and drummer, is influenced by music from India. style based on a faster, danceable beat with featured improvised solos. "Fusion" in its strictest premiered. Samplephonics Soulful Brass Constructions Many bands featured strong instrumentalists whose sounds dominated, such as the clarinets of Benny Goodman and Artie Shaw, the trombone of Jack Teagarden, the trumpet of Harry James, the drums of Gene Krupa, and the vibes of Lionel Hampton. They provide the base, the foundation on which the rest of the music can thrive. Jazz Appreciation ICQ (In-Class Quiz) #6 Hearing The Difference: Bebop and Swing - know the three major aural differences between these two eras The Swing Era: The Players and The Features - know names of artists; lists of features-Societal features Jazz's most popular eradominated the mainstream of American popular music Purpose of music primarily for dancing Millions of records sold . - By the end of the war, swing was giving way to less danceable music, such as bebop. the late 1930s through the 1950s, Duke Ellington was one of the premier swing band endstream endobj 1555 0 obj <>/Metadata 104 0 R/Outlines 108 0 R/PageLayout/OneColumn/Pages 1544 0 R/StructTreeRoot 655 0 R/Type/Catalog>> endobj 1556 0 obj <>/Font<>>>/Rotate 0/StructParents 0/Type/Page>> endobj 1557 0 obj <>stream counting pattern over again for each successive variation of the pattern The swing style developed in the 1930s and continued to be popular throughout the 1940s and beyond as a distinctive genre. Kansas City, in particular, became a wide-open town totally ingrained in the entertainment business. Cubans Mario Bauz and Machito (Francisco Ral Gutirrez Grillo), founder of the Afro-Cubans; Puerto Rican Ernesto Antonio Tito Puente with Oye como va; and Afro-Cuban drummer Chano Pozo (Luciano Pozo Gonzlez), famous for playing with and influencing Dizzy Gillespies Manteca, were among the most prominent band leaders and musicians. Boogie-woogie is characterized by its well-known The popular appeal of Benny Goodman's Trio and Quartet had a good deal to do with the extroverted energy of. In Kansas City, Bennie Motens and Count Basies bands had begun developing a looser type of big band arrangement that allowed for freer styles of soloing, giving rise to a unique Kansas City swing style in the 1930s. Walter Page is often credited with developing the walking bass,[38] though earlier examples exist, such as Wellman Braud on Ellington's Washington Wabble from 1927. His music was a combination of solo and ensemble playing. This pattern reinforced the second and fourth beat of every measure and later became known as a back beat. Additionally, the drummer accommodated the improvisations of soloists, providing a non-intrusive, laid-back swing pattern. freedom vs. chaos. - The ANDREWS SISTERS: The Boogie-Woogie Bugle Boy Swing was almost entirely commercial and part of the mass entertainment industry. - the tuba was replaced the string bass - the banjo was replaced the guitar - (a&c on test) Duke Ellington (18991974) proved that orchestrating jazz was an art of the highest level. Later, Since theyre built of brass, saxophones tend to produce a trumpet-like buzzing sound. sense means to merge styles together. interacts with the bass and drums, and how the beat is divided up in complex When the trumpets and saxophones are combined in a musical accompaniment, they can lead a vibrant and multi-toned swing melody. Goodmans band was the first to integrate black and white musicians. Progressive bands were led by Dizzy Gillespie, Gil Evans, Carla Bley, Toshiko Akiyoshi and Lew Tabackin, Don Ellis, and Anthony Braxton. The History of Jazz. Three bypass valves over the tube can be used to lower the pitch of the trumpet. In swing, the saxophone was usually featured as the leading instrumental soloist. Thats what makes it stand out. In the mid-1930s and early 1940s, Pianist and vocalist Sarah Vaughan also influenced many singers. Coleman Hawkins (19041969) was the first great saxophonist of jazz. The string bass replaced the tuba and the guitar replaced the banjo. Stream Jazz" by combining a jazz combo with symphony orchestra. Western swing musicians also formed popular big bands during the same period. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2000. There was a quality to her voice that fascinated me, and Id sing along with her, trying to catch the subtle ways she shaded her voice, the casual yet clean way she sang the words., A lot of singers think all they have to do is exercise their tonsils to get ahead. (called a "chorus"). [4] While most big bands dropped the previously common jazz clarinet from their arrangements (other than the clarinet-led orchestras of Artie Shaw and Benny Goodman), many Duke Ellington songs had clarinet parts,[5] often replacing or doubling one of the tenor saxophone parts; more rarely, Ellington would substitute baritone sax for bass clarinet, such as in "Ase's Death" from Swinging Suites. Miller went in debt to start his band but was a millionaire within two years. Fletcher Henderson and Don Redman are credited with having created the formula for swing arrangements. Williams is considered one of the great jazz pianists and one of the greatest performers from Kansas City. Trumpets feature a hollow brass tube that is doubles back on itself twice. grooves, click The rhythm section of the Benny Goodman Trio and Quartet excluded which instrument? Her vocal command expanded to an unusual range of four octaves, and she is best known for her melodic approach to scatting. A cheap & cheerful collection of up-tempo sax, trumpet and trombone funky licks featuring over 350 ensemble phrases, solos, trills and stabs for house, disco, electro-swing and quirky big-band-infused electronica. So band leaders used various arrangement techniques to keep the song interesting, such as: Tutti (all horns playing a melodic line in harmony), Soli (one section featured playing a melodic line in harmony), Shout Chorus (climatic tutti section at the end of the arrangement), Riffs (repeated short melodic and/or rhythmic pattern), Call and Response Riffs (often between the horns and the rhythm section), Solos (single person improvising usually behind a relatively simple harmonic background), Swing Music was smooth, easy-listening and simple. Many of the better known bands reflected the individuality of the bandleader, the lead arranger, and the personnel. The saxophone section included two alto saxophones, two tenor saxophones, and one baritone saxophone. And they played dance music. uses "call and response" ,r,el1)PrPer{mN,cq+W!yJn?@}gU-+GACIuyrPgnpQCZ76il9%0A9b vr, Q&L Sc3oX *{{toV Swing grew out of New Orleans Jazz and the evolved into Bebop. You . style known as SWING. The dance duo Vernon and Irene Castle popularized the foxtrot while accompanied by the Europe Society Orchestra led by James Reese Europe. bWkwf>JW'wJj_]6/?NxP]-0_wg"2;WjbuY5sujr7g/sueG>trp~ZBV7]M(//m!o/f[^fb]x>f]aX?UnAW|ng)]s? - a vocalist with piano or a small backup group. Fitzgerald recorded several standards that became hit songs. CROSBY, Frank SINATRA, and Doris DAY, who blossomed as featured vocalists with prominent bands And what better instrument to provide a bona fide rhythm for a swing band than a set of drums? and Ph. Ella Fitzgerald, the featured vocalist of Chick Webbs Orchestra during the late 1930s, is considered to be one of the most outstanding singers of the swing era. trumpet. : The rhythmic phenomenon of "swing" feeling is The most basic element of a song is also one of the most important a good rhythm. Very important to the development of the Swing Bands were the role of the composer/arranger and the excellent stylizations of musicians. The Big Bands of swing were only able to acquire one-night stand performances and consequently suffered financially. Instead of just embellishing the melody, he created a whole new melody based on the songs harmony by arpeggiating the chords and adding further chord alterations and substitutions to make his solo more complex. They were knowledgeable and often biased toward their favorite bands and songs, and sometimes worshipful of famous soloists and vocalists. Only hotel-type bands such as that of Guy Lombardo and select jazz players such as Benny Goodman found consistent employment. the following instruments: The Swing is an outgrowth of the 1920s big band traditions in Chicago, Kansas City, and New York City. violin--Ray Nance), (3) trumpet--Rex Stewart, (4) tenor saxBen Webster, A big band typically consists of approximately 12 to 25 musicians and contains saxophones, trumpets, trombones, and a rhythm section. 1570 0 obj <>stream for hits such as Take the A Train, and Satin Doll, as well as colorful and Holiday crossed musical genres, singing jazz, blues, and pop while keeping her individual singing style. The genre was gradually absorbed into mainstream pop rock and the jazz rock sector.[45]. exemplifies many of the most innovative aspects of this new jazz style: (1) It [21] Bandleaders are typically performers who assemble musicians to form an ensemble of various sizes, select or create material for them, shape the musics dynamics, phrasing, and expression in rehearsals, and lead the group in performance often while playing alongside them. singing" (in which he sings like an instrument on scat Henderson and arranger Don Redman followed the template of King Oliver, but as the 1920s progressed they moved away from the New Orleans format and transformed jazz. In the 1960s, Gunther SCHULLER developed a style known as "Third of American jazz. During the "Roaring His music uses Eastern rhythms, meters, and advanced rhythmic techniques. (click Swing was the predominant style of jazz music played from the late 1920s to mid-1940s. As in midwestern cities, African American migrants transformed New York City in the first half of the 20th century. YouTube clip with basic piano chords). - style promoted by Ornette COLEMAN and John COLTRANE), which has raised a continuing controversy about hundreds of different melodies. It began as an intensified rhythmic outgrowth of the black Rhythm & His "C" Big bands started as accompaniment for dancing. Swing was massively popular during the 1930s, so popular, in fact, that it was the pop music of its time. harmony, structure and instrumentation. virtuosity. 1920s as a blending of blues, ragtime, and civic brass band traditions, then this the late 1930s through the 1950s, Duke Ellington was one of the premier swing band Henderson was a pianist and excellent arranger who wrote most of the musical arrangements that helped launch the success of Benny Goodmans orchestra. Yes drums are like the Roux or Fil in Gumbo. Compared to Dixieland bands, swing bands used two or three times as many players and produced a fuller sound. endstream endobj startxref Ellington expanded Armstrong's small While drum sets are typically used for this important task in swing music, single drums can also do the trick if theyre played with precision. The trumpet section included four trumpets; the first was responsible for the highest notes. Ella Fitzgerald contributed to the success of Webbs band in New York City. art form--a unique blending of West African and Western European/American He was the recipient of a Fulbright Lecturing/Research Fellowship in Japan, where he taught courses in African American History and researched the history of jazz in Japan. In the 1950s, Stan Kenton referred to his band's music as "progressive jazz", "modern", and "new music". A drummer, bass player (string bass), piano player, and guitarist formed the rhythm section. Traveling conditions and lodging were difficult, in part due to segregation in most parts of the United States, and the personnel often had to perform having had little sleep and food. (Change the second verb to the future progressive form.). The swing era was the one time that jazz was a truly popular style. These ensembles typically featured three or more accordions accompanied by piano, guitar, bass, cello, percussion, and marimba with vibes and were popularized by recording artists such as Charles Magnante,[10][11] Joe Biviano[12][13] and John Serry. Bassists generally assumed the role of timekeeper, while drummers functioned in a dual capacity. The Double Bass is shaped like other string instruments such as the guitar or violin. For this reason the pianists left hand generally just played chords on the beat; while his right hand built rhythmic patterns around chords and chord tone, and especially guide tone often just playing arpeggios or simple bluesy licks. In the 1940s, an intensely virtuosic and New York: Oxford University Press, 1991. They gave a greater role to bandleaders, arrangers, and sections of instruments rather than soloists. This form maintains the same chord In addition, Miller had a radio program and made motion pictures. ELLINGTON and William "Count" here to see a YouTube clip on jazz improvisation, click here to see animated She arranged music for dozens of leading swing bands including those of Duke Ellington, Dizzy Gillespie, and Benny Goodman. (Click The Timeline of African American Music by Portia K. Maultsby, Ph.D. presents the remarkable diversity of African American music, revealing the unique characteristics of each genre and style, from the earliest folk traditions to present-day popular music. The successful bands of the Swing Era featured carefully . highly improvisatory style called Bebop, The term "big band" is also used to describe a genre of music, although this was not the . Perhaps it started with the habanera in Mortons early compositions, and in the bridge of W. C. Handys St. The score indicated a fixed number of measures for solo improvisation and also musical notations with the desired sounds and effects. The He toured in many parts of the world and was also commissioned to record classical compositions. The composer writes original music that will be performed by individuals or groups of various sizes, while the arranger adapts the work of composers in a creative way for a performance or recording. Carnegie Hall in New York City presented Benny Goodman jazz concerts for the first time in 1938. But Chick Webbs band would cut them., The one radio voice that I listened to above others belonged to Ella Fitzgerald. She led her Swingphony while playing marimba. Trumpets A prominent feature of swing music is a leading brass section, which is often provided by a trumpet. Playing multiple riffs playing at once as a kind of call and response. For the sentence below, write prepositional phrase and underline the preposition. [1], Duke Ellington led his band at the Cotton Club in Harlem. African American big band arrangers such as Fletcher Henderson and Eddie Durham were major contributors to the success of white bandleaders such as Benny Goodman, Artie Shaw, and Glen Miller. Transcontinental trips often required a stop in one of these cities. Then circle the object of the preposition. by Charlie Parker and Dizzy Gillespie. Much like the stock in Gumbo, it provides an essential rhythmic and harmonic element in swing music. (London: Paladin) 1987. [6] The legendary Paul Whiteman also featured a solo accordion in his ensemble. is America's However, some of the major artists, such as Ellington and Basie, provided much of the music for their orchestras themselves. II. during the World War II years. [9] During the 1940s, somewhat smaller configurations of the big band emerged in the form of the "rhythm sextet". Bob Hope, Shep Fields and The Rippling Rhythm Revue", Photograph of Bob Hope as master of ceremonies on the "Rippling Rhythm Revue" Show in 1937 on Gettyimages, State University of New York, Fredonia. more traditional instruments such as horn, cello, flute and oboe. www.bigfishaudio.com. For example, Tommy Dorsey played with a beautiful tone and control on the trombone. Swing as popular music usually had vocals, such as Glenn Miller's "Chattanooga Choo-Choo," and was intended for dancing. ensemble intimate style of Dixieland jazz into a harder-edged full band sound. The music of Count Basie (19041984) represents a leading voice in the big band style. When it comes to swing music, keyboards are typically used as a harmonic element. "Call and Response" was a common musical device. [31] A head arrangement is a piece of music that is formed by band members during rehearsal. Yet, as woodwind-style instruments, they also feature a wide range of available notes and pitches.